Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Co-occurrence of diverse defense systems shapes complex microbe-virus relationships in deep-sea cold seeps

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-68174-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Types and proportions of verified defense systems and candidate defense systems in cold seep microbial genomes, including their primary mechanisms of action and corresponding system counts. “DS” denotes defense systems and “num” represents the total count. “Type num” refers to the number of distinct defense system types within each mechanism category. b Plaque assays demonstrating phage infection of Escherichia coli B (ATCC ® 11303™) transformed with plasmids carrying various candidate defense systems or an empty vector (control) using a small volume drop method. The bacteria described above were mixed in the molten agar matrix and ten-fold serial dilutions of phages T7, T5, and T4 were spotted onto bacterial lawns. All the assays are repeated at least 3 times with similar results. Predicted protein domains of the tested systems are shown on the right. Detailed data on annotated defense systems are provided in Supplementary Data – .

Article Snippet: Recombinant vectors containing these candidate systems were transformed into the host strain E. coli B (ATCC ® 11303TM), which naturally lacks these systems.

Techniques: Infection, Transformation Assay, Plasmid Preparation, Control, Bacteria

Journal:

Article Title: Bacteriophage Inactivation at the Air-Water-Solid Interface in Dynamic Batch Systems

doi:

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fates of MS2, R17, and φX174 during batch experiments in which glass tubes were packed with varying numbers of Teflon and glass beads. A surface area of 0 cm2 implies that tubes were filled only with glass beads. An AWI was present in all batch experiments. Data are means from three experiments; error bars represent the standard deviations from the means. r2 values from the regression analysis are given in the text.

Article Snippet: MS2 (host, Escherichia coli ATCC 15597), R17 (host, E. coli ATCC 25868), and φX174 (host, E. coli ATCC 13706) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques:

Journal:

Article Title: Bacteriophage Inactivation at the Air-Water-Solid Interface in Dynamic Batch Systems

doi:

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fates of MS2, R17, and φX174 during batch experiments with varying concentrations of T-80. An AWI was present in all batch experiments. Also shown are measurements of the static solution surface tension for each concentration of T-80 used. Data are means from three experiments; error bars represent the standard deviations from the means.

Article Snippet: MS2 (host, Escherichia coli ATCC 15597), R17 (host, E. coli ATCC 25868), and φX174 (host, E. coli ATCC 13706) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Concentration Assay